74 Spirituality Studies 10-2 Fall 2024 Table 4 Testing Differences in Defenders Parameter Unbullied adolescents Defender t p Cohen’s d M SD M SD Spirituality importance 4.32 2.02 4.12 2.00 −1.265 0.206 −0.099 Spirituality practice 3.12 2.10 2.96 2.08 −0.928 0.354 −0.073 Loneliness 17.37 5.61 18.75 5.63 3.113 0.002 0.245 Emotional loneliness 9.15 3.04 9.82 2.98 2.806 0.005 0.22 Social loneliness 17.37 5.61 18.75 5.63 3.113 0.002 0.245 3. 3. 4 Role of Bystander For the role of bystanders compared to students who did not participate in bullying, we did not find statistically significant differences for the importance of spirituality (p=0.10) or for practicing spirituality (p=0.13). We demonstrated statistically significant differences between the role of bystander and students who were not bullied for experiencing overall loneliness (t(519)=2.34; p=0.02; d=0.19) and for experiencing social loneliness (t(513)=2.381; p=0.02; d=0.19). In the case of emotional loneliness, we showed no statistically significant difference between the role of bystander compared to non-bullied students (t(534)=1.922; p=0.055; d=0.155). The results are described in Table 5.
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