S p i r i t ua l i t y S t u d i e s 7 - 1 S p r i n g 2 0 2 1 7 1 Raysa Geaquinto Rocha Tab. 1. Results Systematization Concerning Their Theoretical Approach and Methodology Theoretical Approach Methodology Authors Wisdom and Spirituality Theoretical Heaton et al. (2004) Natesan et al. (2009) Izak (2013) van den Muyzenberg (2014) Pardasani et al. (2014) Sharma (2017) Qualitative (case study) Wong et al. (2013) Wisdom and Knowledge Management Theoretical Dhamija (2019) Knowledge, Spirituality and Wisdom Qualitative (interviews) Alammar and Pauleen (2015) Theoretical Spiller et al. (2011) Knowledge, Management, Spirituality and Organizational Wisdom Theoretical Bierly et al. (2000) McKenna et al. (2009) This discussion is systematized based on the theoretical approach of the articles (Tab. 1). Before beginning the discussion, three relevant issues must be enlightened concerning wisdom and spirituality. First, it is imperative to identify the concept used since there are several (O’Grady 2019; Poole 2009; Glück et al. 2013; Rocha and Pinheiro 2020b). Second, choosing the right methodology can be a challenge since they are complex and profound constructs (Glück et al. 2013; Brown 2003). Third, eastern religious premises are present at the core of discussion concerning spirituality and wisdom (e.g. Natesan, Keeffe and Darling 2009; Wong, Neck and Mckenna 2013; van den Muyzenberg 2014; Sharma 2017). The cultural heritage of wisdom from the divine, its transference to religious leaders, and their followers through advice, reflects both wisdom and spirituality of business leaders. Organizations increasingly deal with several religious matrices simultaneously (Quatro 2004). “A religion is a solidarity system of beliefs and practices concerning sacred things, that is to say, separated, forbidden, beliefs and practices that unite in the same moral community, called church, all those who adhere to them.” (Durkheim 1960, 65). Then, organizations need to foster more spirituality than religion, to celebrate the diversity of rituals, create meaning, and lead to transcendence (Quatro 2004).
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